May 2024

Volcanic soils, rich in unique minerals such as allophane, play a pivotal role in New Zealand’s agricultural success and environmental sustainability. Dr. Gordon Rajendram, a leading soil scientist, explains that allophane, an amorphous mineral found predominantly in the volcanic ash soils of regions like Waikato and Taranaki, significantly enhances carbon sequestration capabilities, which is crucial in the fight against climate change. Carbon sequestration in soils is a natural way of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in a solid form. In New Zealand, volcanic soils have demonstrated a remarkable ability to store carbon, with carbon levels reaching 10-12% in some areas. This high organic content not only bolsters soil fertility but also contributes to a healthier microbial environment, which is essential for sustainable agricultural practices. “Allophane’s structure allows these soils to lock in carbon effectively, making them less prone to the typical losses seen in other soil types,” Dr. Rajendram notes. “This characteristic is vitally important for maintaining soil health and long-term agricultural productivity.” Moreover, the presence of allophane influences the physical properties of soil, such as texture and water retention, which are beneficial for plant growth. Its ability to bind with organic matter reduces the rate at which carbon decomposes, thereby keeping it stored in the soil for longer periods. This process not only improves the soil’s structure but also its resistance to erosion and degradation. Dr. Rajendram underscores that understanding the interaction between allophane and organic carbon offers significant insights into sustainable land management practices. By promoting the health of volcanic soils, New Zealand can continue to lead in sustainable agriculture, leveraging its unique geological assets to benefit both the environment and farming communities. The ongoing research and management strategies aimed at enhancing carbon sequestration in these soils not only address global environmental concerns but also support the agricultural sector crucial to New Zealand’s economy. Contact Dr Gordon Rajendram 021 466077 rajendram@xtra.co.nz www.gordonrajendramsoilscientist.co.nz Contact Phillip Quay phillip@mediapa.co.nz 027 458 7724 www.mediapa.co.nz

The rich tapestry of New Zealand’s soil types offers a unique canvas for various farming styles and types of produce, each adapted to the specific characteristics of local soils. From the volcanic terrains of the North Island to the sedimentary expanses of the South, Dr Gordon Rajendram understands that leveraging these soil properties is key to optimising agricultural productivity and sustainability. In the North Island, the volcanic soils, particularly those in Waikato and Taranaki, are highly prized for their fertility. These soils are rich in allophane, a mineral that enhances nutrient and water retention, making them ideal for dairy farming. Dr Gordon Rajendram, states, “The exceptional structure of volcanic soils supports robust root systems, which is crucial for pasture-based dairy farming—a predominant agricultural activity in these regions.” Sedimentary soils, which are widespread in the Canterbury plains of the South Island, present different challenges and opportunities. These soils, with typically lower organic matter, are more prone to nutrient depletion and require careful management to support intensive farming practices. “In Canterbury, the sedimentary soils are primarily utilised for dairy farming as well, but the approach here focuses heavily on soil conservation techniques to prevent erosion and maintain soil health,” explains Dr Rajendram. Additionally, New Zealand’s varied climate and soil types allow for diverse horticultural pursuits. Peaty soils in wetter areas, like parts of Waikato, are especially suited for cultivating specialty crops such as berries and market vegetables, which thrive in the moisture-retentive, nutrient-rich conditions. In contrast, the drier regions, with their clay-rich soils, are excellent for vineyards and orchards, where controlled water retention is beneficial. Understanding these soil-specific requirements has led to tailored farming practices across New Zealand. From rotational grazing that minimizes soil compaction in dairy regions to precision agriculture techniques that enhance crop yields in horticultural areas, farmers are adapting their methods to ensure that they are working in harmony with their environment. “By matching farming practices with soil types, New Zealand’s farmers can maximise both yield and sustainability, securing the agricultural industry’s future and preserving the natural health of our landscapes,” concludes Dr Rajendram. Dr Rajendram feels that this focused approach to agriculture ensures that New Zealand not only maintains its reputation for high-quality produce but also protects its natural resources for future generations.  Contact Dr Gordon Rajendram 021 466077 rajendram@xtra.co.nz www.gordonrajendramsoilscientist.co.nz Contact Phillip Quay phillip@mediapa.co.nz 027 458 7724 www.mediapa.co.nz

Dr. Gordon Rajendram, a renowned authority in soil science and agricultural sustainability, sheds light on the invaluable benefits of clover as a superior feed option for livestock. With its nutrient-rich composition and impressive protein content, clover stands out as a key ingredient in optimising animal diets for enhanced productivity. Comparing clover to ryegrass, a common forage choice, reveals the significant nutritional advantage that clover offers. While ryegrass typically contains around 3.0% nitrogen, resulting in approximately 19% protein content, clover boasts a nitrogen content of approximately 5.5%, translating to an impressive 34% protein content. This stark contrast underscores the potency of clover as a high-quality protein source, capable of providing essential nutrients to support the growth and development of livestock. “Clover stands as nature’s gift to livestock farming, offering a nutritional powerhouse that elevates milk and meat production to new heights. As we strive for agricultural sustainability, harnessing the potential of clover as a superior feed option is not just advantageous; it’s essential for maximising productivity and ensuring the well-being of our animals.” – Dr. Gordon Rajendram The higher protein content in clover which is 34% holds immense significance for dairy and meat producers alike. Protein plays a crucial role in animal nutrition, serving as a building block for muscle development, milk production, and overall health. By incorporating clover into the diet, farmers can ensure that their livestock receive adequate protein levels, thereby promoting optimal growth and maximising productivity. Moreover, clover offers additional nutritional advantages beyond its protein content. Compared to ryegrass, clover exhibits higher mineral content and enhanced digestibility, further augmenting its suitability as a premium feed option. These qualities not only contribute to the overall health and well-being of livestock but also facilitate efficient nutrient absorption, leading to improved feed conversion rates and reduced wastage. In practical terms, integrating clover into livestock diets can yield tangible benefits for farmers. Increased protein intake translates to higher milk yields in dairy cows and improved weight gain in meat-producing animals, ultimately enhancing farm profitability and sustainability. Additionally, the superior nutritional profile of clover can reduce the reliance on supplemental feed additives, thereby lowering production costs and minimising environmental impact. As farmers strive to optimise their operations and meet the growing demand for high-quality dairy and meat products, the role of feed quality cannot be overstated. Dr. Gordon Rajendram’s insights underscore the pivotal role that clover plays as a superior feed option, offering a potent combination of protein, minerals, and digestibility. By harnessing the power of clover, farmers can unlock the full potential of their livestock, paving the way for a more prosperous and sustainable agricultural future. Contact Dr. Gordon Rajendram Soil Scientist Soil Fertility, Agronomy & Farm Environmental Consultant Address: 9 Kakanui Avenue, Hillcrest, Hamilton 3216 Phone: 021 466 077 E-mail: rajendram@xtra.co.nz Web site:  http://dev.gordonrajendramsoilscientist.co.nz ‘Bringing science to the farm ‘ Contact Phillip Quay Phone: 0274 587 724 Email: phillip@mediapa.co.nz Website: https://mediapa.co.nz/ Facebook: facebook.com/mediapa

With his expertise in soil health and fertilisation practices, Dr. Rajendram emphasises the critical role of ASC in optimising agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. ASC, or P-retention, refers to the soil’s ability to remove phosphorus (P) from the soil solution, thereby holding it firmly and making it less available to plants. This characteristic is largely influenced by soil mineral composition, particularly the presence of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al), which act as binding agents for P. Soils with low ASC exhibit minimal P binding sites, potentially leading to nutrient leaching and reduced plant uptake. “Anion Storage Capacity (ASC) is the silent guardian of soil fertility, holding the key to sustainable agriculture. In a world where economic uncertainties loom large, understanding and enhancing ASC becomes imperative for farmers. By unlocking the potential of ASC through targeted soil management, we not only cultivate resilience in our farms but also nurture a healthier planet for generations to come.” – Dr. Gordon Rajendram In New Zealand, where farming practices are integral to the economy and food production, maintaining optimal soil fertility is paramount. However, amidst economic challenges such as recession and inflation, ensuring soil health becomes even more imperative for farmers striving to maintain profitability and sustainability. Understanding ASC is crucial for effective fertilisation strategies and soil management practices. By assessing ASC levels through soil testing, farmers can tailor their fertiliser applications to match the specific needs of their soils, thereby maximising nutrient utilisation and minimising environmental impact. Dr. Rajendram’s research underscores the importance of ASC in soil fertility management and its implications for farm profitability and environmental stewardship. By enhancing ASC through targeted soil amendments and conservation practices, farmers can improve nutrient retention, reduce nutrient runoff, and safeguard water quality. Moreover, prioritising soil health and ASC optimisation aligns with efforts to reduce the environmental footprint of agriculture. By minimising nutrient losses and enhancing nutrient cycling within the soil-plant system, farmers can contribute to the preservation of natural resources and ecosystems. In conclusion, Anion Storage Capacity (ASC) plays a pivotal role in soil fertility management and agricultural sustainability. Through the expertise of leading soil scientists like Dr. Gordon Rajendram and the adoption of innovative soil management practices, New Zealand farmers can navigate economic challenges while safeguarding soil health and enhancing farm resilience for future generations. Contact Dr. Gordon Rajendram Soil Scientist Soil Fertility, Agronomy & Farm Environmental Consultant Address: 9 Kakanui Avenue, Hillcrest, Hamilton 3216 Phone: 021 466 077 E-mail: rajendram@xtra.co.nz Web site:  http://dev.gordonrajendramsoilscientist.co.nz ‘Bringing science to the farm ‘ Contact Phillip Quay Phone: 0274 587 724 Email: phillip@mediapa.co.nz Website: https://mediapa.co.nz/ Facebook: facebook.com/mediapa